Understanding Nystagmus: Why Eyes Shake Uncontrollably

If you have ever noticed someone whose eyes seem to move or shake on their own, you may have wondered what causes it. This involuntary eye movement is a condition called nystagmus, and it affects people of all ages. For Henderson residents and families, understanding nystagmus can help you recognize the signs early and seek appropriate care.

What Is Nystagmus and What Does It Look Like?

Nystagmus is a vision condition in which the eyes make repetitive, uncontrolled movements. These movements can follow different patterns depending on the underlying cause. The eyes may move side to side (horizontal nystagmus), up and down (vertical nystagmus), in a circular or rotary motion, or in a combination of these directions. The movements can be fast or slow, and they may affect one or both eyes.

People with nystagmus often have reduced visual acuity because the constant eye movement makes it difficult for the brain to process a steady image. Some individuals develop a head tilt or turn, known as a null point position, where their nystagmus slows down and vision is clearest.

What Are the Two Main Types of Nystagmus?

Nystagmus is generally classified into two main types based on when it develops.

• Congenital (infantile) nystagmus appears at birth or within the first few months of life. It is often associated with other eye conditions or inherited factors. Children with congenital nystagmus may not notice their vision is different because they have never experienced anything else.
• Acquired nystagmus develops later in life and is usually a sign of an underlying medical or neurological condition. Acquired nystagmus often causes more noticeable visual symptoms, including the sensation that the world is moving or oscillating, known as oscillopsia.

What Causes Nystagmus?

Genetic and Developmental Factors

A family history of nystagmus increases the likelihood of the condition appearing in children. Albinism, a condition involving reduced pigmentation in the skin, hair, and eyes, is one of the more well-known developmental causes. Some forms of congenital nystagmus occur without any identifiable underlying condition and are considered idiopathic.

Eye Conditions

A wide range of eye problems in infants can contribute to nystagmus, including cataracts, strabismus (misaligned eyes), optic nerve abnormalities, and other conditions that limit early visual development. When the visual system does not develop normally, the brain may struggle to stabilize eye movements.

Inner Ear and Vestibular Disorders

The inner ear plays a critical role in balance and eye coordination. Conditions such as Meniere’s disease, benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), and labyrinthitis can trigger nystagmus along with dizziness and balance problems. This type of nystagmus is often temporary and may improve as the underlying ear condition is treated.

Neurological Conditions

Acquired nystagmus may be associated with multiple sclerosis, stroke, head injury, concussion, traumatic brain injuries, and brain tumors. Because of this connection, new or sudden onset nystagmus in adults should always be evaluated promptly to rule out serious neurological causes.

Medications and Substances

Certain medications can trigger nystagmus as a side effect, including lithium, anti-seizure medications such as phenytoin and carbamazepine, and some sedatives. Excessive alcohol or drug use can also cause temporary nystagmus.

When Should You See an Eye Doctor About Nystagmus?

If you or your child develops new or worsening involuntary eye movements, it is important to schedule a comprehensive eye examination. Seek urgent medical attention if nystagmus appears suddenly in an adult, especially if accompanied by dizziness, severe headache, double vision, hearing changes, or difficulty walking. These symptoms may indicate a neurological emergency that requires immediate evaluation.

For children, early detection is key. Pediatric eye exams can identify nystagmus and related visual conditions so that supportive care and visual aids can be introduced during the critical years of visual development.

How Is Nystagmus Managed?

Treatment depends on the type and cause of nystagmus. There is no cure for most forms of congenital nystagmus, but several approaches can help improve visual function and quality of life.

• Corrective lenses or contact lenses can optimize visual clarity.
• Prism lenses may help reduce the need for a compensatory head turn.
• Treating the underlying cause, such as an inner ear condition or medication side effect, can resolve acquired nystagmus in some cases.
• Low vision aids and classroom accommodations can support children with nystagmus in school settings.

Our doctors at Insight Vision Optometry, Las Vegas provide thorough evaluations for patients in Henderson and the surrounding area who are experiencing nystagmus or other involuntary eye movements. To schedule a comprehensive eye exam, call us at 702-747-4070 or visit www.insightvisionlv.com.